Thursday, June 29, 2006

Against against against vague existence

Carrie Jenkins recently posted on Ted Sider's paper "Against Vague Existence".

Suppose you think it's vague whether some collection of cat-atoms compose some further thing (perhaps because you're a organicist about composition, and it's vague whether kitty is still living). It's then natural to think that there'll be corresponding vagueness in the range of (unrestricted) first order quantifier: it might be vague whether it ranges over one billion and fifty five thing or one billion and fifty six things, for example: with the putative one billion and fifty-sixth entity being kitty, if she still exists. Sider thinks there are insuperable problems for this view; Carrie thinks the problems can be avoided. Below the fold, I present a couple of problems for (what I take to be) Carrie's way of addressing the Sider-challenge.

Sider's interested in "precisificational" theories of vagueness, such as supervaluationism and (he urges) epistemicism. The vagueness of an expression E consists in there being multiple ways in which the term could be made precise, between which, perhaps, the semantic facts don't select (supervaluationism), or between which we can't discriminate the uniquely correct one (epistemicism). (On my account, ontic vagueness turns out to be precisificational too). The trouble is alleged to be that vague existence claims can't fit this model. One underlying idea is that multiple precifications of an unrestricted existential quantifier would have to include different domains: perhaps precisification E1 has domain D1, whereas precisification E2 has domain D2, which is larger since includes everything in D1, plus one extra thing: kitty.

But wait! If it is indeterminate whether kitty exists, how can we maintain that the story I just gave is true? When I say "D2 contains one extra thing: kitty", it seems it should be at best indeterminate whether that is true: for it can only be true if kitty exists. Likewise, it will be indeterminate whether or not the name "kitty" suffers reference-failure.

Ok, so that's what I think of as the core of Sider's argument. Carrie's response is very interesting. I'm not totally sure whether what I'm going to say is really what Carrie intends, so following the standard philosophical practice, I'll attribute what follows to Carrie*. Whereas you'd standardly formulate a semantics by using relativized semantic relations, e.g. "N refers to x relative to world w, time t, precification p", Carrie* proposes that we replace the relativization with an operator. So the clause for the expression N might look like: "At world w, At time t, At precisification p, N referes to x". In particular, we'll say:

"At precisfication 1, "E" ranges over the domain D1;
At precisification 2, "E" ranges over the domain D1+{kitty}."

In the metalanguage, "At p" works just as it does in the object language, binding any quantifiers within its scope. So, when within the scope of the "At precisification 2" operator, the metalinguistic name "kitty" will have reference, and, again within the scope of that operator, the unrestricted existential quantifier will have kitty within its range.

This seems funky so far as it goes. It's a bit like a form of modalism that takes "At w" as the primitive modal operator. I've got some worries though.

Here's the first. A burden on Carrie*'s approach (as I'm understanding it) will be to explain under what circumstances a sentence is true. usually, this is just done by quantification into the parameter position of the parameterized "truth", i.e.

"S" is true simpliciter iff for all precisifications p, "S" is true relative to p.

What's the translation of this into the operator account? Maybe something like:

"S" is true simpliciter iff for all precisifications p, At p "S" is true.

For this to make sense, "p" has to be a genuine metalinguistic variable. And this undermines some of the attractions of Carrie*'s account: i.e. it looks like we'll now the burden of explaining what "precisifications" are (the sort of thing that Sider is pushing for in his comments on Carrie's post). More attractive is the "modalist" position where "At p" is a primitive idiom. Perhaps then, the following could be offered:

"S" is true simpliciter iff for all precisification-operators O, [O: "S" is true].

My second concern is the following: I'm not sure how the proposal would deal with quantification into a "precisification" context. E.g. how do we evaluate the following metalanguage sentence?

"on precisification 2, there is an x such that x is in the range of "E", and on precisification 1, x is not within the range of "E""

The trouble is that, for this to be true, it looks like kitty has to be assigned as the value of "x". But the third occurence is within the scope of "on precisification 2". On the most natural formulation, for "on precisification 2, x is F" to be true on the assignment of an object to x, x will have to be within the scope of the unrestricted existential quantifier at precisification 1. But Kitty isn't! There might be a technical fix here, but I can't see it at the moment. Here's the modal analogue: let a be the actual world, and b be a merely possible world where I don't exist. What should the modalist say about the following?

"At a, there is an object x (identical to Robbie) and At b, nothing is identical to x"

Again, for this to be true, we require an open sentence "At b, nothing is identical to x" to be true relative to an assignment where some object not existing at b is the value of "x". And I'm just not sure that we can make sense of this without allowing ourselves the resources to define a "precisification neutral" quantifier within the metalanguage in reference to which Sider's original complaint could be reintroduced.

44 comments:

Robbie Williams said...

Oh, I should have said: much thanks to Carrie and Daniel for talking about this stuff with me while I was up in St Andrews.

Carrie Jenkins said...

Hi Robbie,

Inspired by the conversation we had about this stuff while you were visiting, I have now written up a draft note on this, which might address some of your points. I'm going to put it online at http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~csj6/details/AgainstAgainstVagueExistence. (It's a doc I'm afraid as I don't have pdf conversion facilities here at home!) When I've done that I'll come back here and see whether I think any of your points are not addressed by what's in the draft!

Carrie Jenkins said...

(You may need to put the '.doc' at the end of the address to download the paper.)

Carrie Jenkins said...

OK, I think the draft does something relevant to both these points. I don't particularly want a primitive 'At p' operator, so I offer two alternatives. And on either of the stories I tell about what 'At p' amounts to we can import a corresponding story about how to quantify into a precisification context. If precisifications are worlds, we import our favourite story about quantifying into 'at world w' contexts, and similarly if precisifications are fictions.

Robbie Williams said...

Hi Carrie,

Glad you've written it up! Here's the thought that comes to mind in response to your proposals: to address the first point, you're right, we just need to be able to quantify over "precisifications" (whatever they are). If the vagueness is ontic, these might be worlds (as Barnes suggests: as you know, I'm very sympathetic to that view). I'm not so sure I see how to formulate the view if the vagueness is semantic or epistemic (are these worlds within which the reference relation determinately picks out a unique extension for "composes"? You might worry about the failure of reference to supervene on non-semantic facts, if these are genuinely possible worlds).

Anyway, let that be: the other thing to note is that the second puzzle requires more than just what's true according to a fiction/at an ersatz worlds: we need to allow some kind of quantification over possiblia/fictional objects. And it's not so obvious you get that straight from allowing quant over ersatz worlds/fictions (Sider's view of ersatz worlds does have the ambition to give you possiblist quantification: not quite so clear to me that every approach does).

The last point is this: once you've got possibilist quantification to hand (which is not taken with ontological seriousness, so can be "more extensive" than the genuinely unrestricted quantifier) then why not just use that directly in formulating a possible world semantics for a vague language. (That's actually my favoured view anyway). What I thought was really interesting about the way you were thinking about things is that it enabled a response to Sider that was used less resources than this...

Carrie Jenkins said...

Hey Robbie,

You might be interested in Sider's latest comment on my original post. (I'm not sure whether he's seen the later stuff or not.)

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Thank You

Anonymous said...

Dear Buyer/ Buyer mandate
We currently have Available FOB Rotterdam/Hosuton for JP54,D2, D6, JetA1 with good and workable procedure, whereby buyer will dip test in seller tank with proof of product.
Kindly Contact us via (anatolyvyacheslavoil@mail.ru) for SCO as soon as possible, so we can move to the next step.

Regards
Anatoly Vyacheslav
Email: anatolyvyacheslavoil@mail.ru
anatolyvyacheslavoil@yandex.ru
skype:anatolyvyacheslavoil

First Heritage Loan Firm said...

For Serious Buyer/ Buyer mandate with UNCONDITIONAL DTA

We have JP54,D2, D6, JetA1 product in Rotterdam/Russia for immediate lift with UNCONDITIONAL DTA,where buyer conduct dip test in seller tank with proof of product.
Kindly Contact us via (viktor.abramov56@inbox.ru) for SCO.

Regards
Viktor Abramov
Email:viktor.abramov56@inbox.ru
Skype: viktor.abramov56

Usmanov Alexie said...

For Serious Buyer/ Buyer mandate with UNCONDITIONAL DTA

We have JP54,D2, D6, JetA1 product in Rotterdam/Russia for immediate lift with UNCONDITIONAL DTA,where buyer conduct dip test in seller tank with proof of product.
Kindly Contact us via (usmanovoilandgas@yahoo.com) for SCO.

Regards
Usmanov Alexie
email: usmanovoilandgas60@mail.ru,
skype: usmanovoilandgas

Anonymous said...

Dear Buyer/ Buyer mandate

We have Available FOB Rotterdam/Houston/Russia for D2DIESEL OIL GOST 305-82, JP54,JETFUEL, AVIATION KEROSENE COLONIAL GRADE, UREA 46%/PRILLS, LNG, LPG, REBCO, MAZUT100 GOST 10585-75/99, AUTOMOTIVE GAS OIL(AGO with good and workable procedure,whereby buyer will dip test in seller tank with proof of product. Kindly Contact us via {oooneftstandart@bk.ru} or {info@oooneftstandart.ru}


Best Regards
MR. DEMIDOV ILYA IGOREVICH
Company Name: OOO NEFT STANDART
Telephone:+79265037202
Skype:oooneftstandart

Anonymous said...

For Serious Buyer/ Buyer mandate with FULL POP

We have JP54,D2, D6, JetA1 product in Rotterdam/Russia for immediate lift with UNCONDITIONAL DTA/ FULL POP,where buyer confirms product in seller tank with proof of product.
Kindly Contact us via (usmanovoilandgas@yahoo.com) for SCO.

Regards
Usmanov Alexie
email: usmanovoilandgas60@mail.ru,
skype: usmanovoilandgas

baev said...

Good Day Sir/Madam

We CLOSED JOINT-STOCK COMPANY AGS-OIL is one of the leading Oil & Gas
trading companies in Russia Federation with good business reputation
and well experienced in the Petroleum and mining sector. We offer the
following trades through our reliable Refineries: D2 DIESEL OIL GOST
305-82, JP54 AVIATION KEROSENE COLONIAL GRADE, UREA 46%/PRILLS, LNG,
LPG, REBCO, MAZUT100 GOST 10585-75/99, AUTOMOTIVE GAS OIL(AGO). We as
well secure allocations from our various Refineries for our numerous
buyers who are interested in Spot transactions on FOB/CIF deliveries
to any world safe port (AWSP). Our Refineries have their products both
at Russian ports and Rotterdam port. interested buyer contact us via
email:baevsergeyalexandrovich2289@gmail.com

Andrey Ankudimov said...

We OOO PROM TRADING is one of the leading Oil & Gas
trading companies in Russia Federation with good business reputation and well experienced in the Petroleum and mining sector. We offer the following trades through our reliable Refineries: D2 DIESEL OIL GOST 305-82, JP54 AVIATION KEROSENE COLONIAL GRADE, UREA 46%/PRILLS, LNG,
LPG, REBCO, MAZUT100 GOST 10585-75/99, AUTOMOTIVE GAS OIL(AGO) ETC. We as well secure allocations from our various Refineries for our numerous buyers who are interested in Spot transactions on FOB/CIF deliveries to any world safe port (AWSP). Our Refineries have their products both
at Russian ports and Rotterdam port.

Best Regards
Mr Andrey Ankudimov
Tel: +7 (987) 897-72-99
Email: serviceandrey.a@inbox.ru
Skype: serviceandrey.a

Unknown said...


JP 54, D2, and D6 EN590,JET A1 AVAILABLE ON FOB DIP AND TEST IN SELLER TANK

We Can supply Aviation Kerosene,Jet fuel (JP 54-A1,5), Diesel (Gas Oil) and Fuel Oil D2, D6,ETC in FOB/Rotterdam only, if you want in Rotterdam buyer must own tanks in Rotterdam serious buyer should contact or if you have serious buyers my seller is ready to close this deal fast contact us below:now base email us (omelchenkodmitry@inbox.ru)

PRODUCT AVAILABLE IN ROTTERDAM/ CI DIP AND PAY IN SELLER EX-SHORE TANK.

Russia D2 50,000-150,000 Metric Tons FOB Rotterdam Port.

JP54 5000,000 Barrels per Month FOB Rotterdam.

JA1 Jet Fuel 10,000,000 Barrels FOB Rotterdam.

D6 Virgin Fuel Oil 800,000,000 Gallon FOB Rotterdam.

Contact Person:Feliks Andros
Company: OOO "LK SINTEZ"
Email: omelchenkodmitry@inbox.ru
Skype: omelchenkodmitry@inbox.ru
Phone: +7-926-80-156-31,
whatsapp: +7-926-80-156-31
English Department

Best Regards

Anonymous said...

Dear Sir/Ma
I am a veteran with common wealth of nations humanitarian delivery agency a subsidiary of UN..
My colleague died of covid19. Before her death she left in the sum of (€17,000,000.00) with a Security & Finance Firm in Europe for safe keeping there is an incrustation she reviled that the funds should not be left unclaimed. You are to stand as the beneficiary to late Sarah Hayes.
Respond to me your interest at lampealfredm46@gmail.com,and contact details for all other formalities which is genuine and trustworthy person.
Hoping to have a good deal with you on mutual trust.
Sincerely,

Alfred M Lampe said...


Dear Sir/Ma
I am a veteran with common wealth of nations humanitarian delivery agency a subsidiary of UN..
My colleague died of covid19. Before her death she left in the sum of (€17,000,000.00) with a Security & Finance Firm in Europe for safe keeping there is an incrustation she reviled that the funds should not be left unclaimed. You are to stand as the beneficiary to late Sarah Hayes.
Respond to me your interest at lampealfredm46@gmail.com,and contact details for all other formalities which is genuine and trustworthy person.
Hoping to have a good deal with you on mutual trust.
Sincerely,

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Bank Instrument said...

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International Criminal Court (ICC)
Below is what my Sender can offer.
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2, MT103 wire transfer
3, MT103 TT
4, MT103/202 manual download
5, SBLC lease and Purchase

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